beekeeping equipment list

The shape and size, as well as the requirement for spare parts, Its a rare occurrence but still worth mentioning and paying attention to. This handy little tool is not considered essential by every veteran beekeeper. Please, for the sake of your bees, try to keep your gloves clean! Hopefully you will never encounter that situation.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'beekeeping_101_com-box-4','ezslot_5',109,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beekeeping_101_com-box-4-0')}; A good bee suit is a ventilated suit that covers you from your ankles to the crown of your head. Its not Bee blower is basically a gas or electric powered fan that quite literally blows the bees away. The hive tool has two primary functions. Bees can fly for a mile, and even more, to look for 0000030798 00000 n Although not essential, you can also buy foundations to go along with the frames. So, I always opt for a bee suit. stinging or crawling into your sleeves and leggings, you can also go with any if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'beehour_com-leader-1','ezslot_10',132,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-leader-1-0')}; While LOCATION. My goal is to show you that beekeeping is not that complicated, that you can also learn to do it, fall in love with it and help our planet while doing it. eliminate the places they can crawl up, you should be good to go. I expect bees to be nervous. honey, its easier to take out a stacked frame and put in a spare one, allowing You have to sterilize the container before pouring the honey in, otherwise, it can get spoiled. Non-essential, but still worth mentioning as you will notice every beekeeper has at least a couple of specialized tools for hive maintenance. However, if you are wondering how bees reproduce, you Beekeeping 101 is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. So, both of these are essential parts of And in no time, a whole lot of bees see you as a threat and they react to you. There are plenty of veteran of beekeepers who do not find it necessary to wear a bee suit. 0000007896 00000 n So youre going to need feeders at certain times of the year. You will have to weigh all the factors for yourself. 4 0 obj Just look to make life easier for them. location is one of the essential requirements for successful beekeeping. It is up to you to obtain the hives before the kit arrives. Bees hate % food and water. depends on the type of hive you choose. It represents how passionate you really are about this calling, and it is often the case; the deeper your shelf is, the fewer tools and equipment you need. Hive frames are pretty straightforward. But before you get to that stage, there are few things you have to acquire first; you need proper beekeeping equipment. The second function of the hive tool is to make it easy for you to dislodge the honeycomb structure from the side of the box. Many beekeepers use nine. Its basically a home where bees live and work. The primary purpose for using it is to keep your hands out of the hive, thus reducing any perceived threat by your bees. What many beekeepers have in common is that it doesnt take long before you realize; you dont do it because you have to, you do it because you love it. Its you, or should I rather say your knowledge and experience. Those who dont like the smoker site the bees natural biology as the reason why. Critics of smokers say that smoking bees stresses them out to a serious extent. They use a very specific system to navigate and communicate Learning about and discovering the wonderful world of honeybees is just as rewarding as the honey we get. 3 0 obj colonies reproduce and you can catch a wild swarm to use it as a starting used for everything within the colony. 0000002181 00000 n Oh, no sun? }8FjY'fwE)W tzrZCegmU7lSmSL $N^k. You are trying to keep your bees in your hives, not wandering around looking for food. Again, there are boots specifically designed for beekeeping, but this is really the part where you can go with whatever you got. Her husband and the local beekeeper work on getting the bees into the truck while she speaks to the beekeepers assistant. call it. KDK.5:"oO]TDjt %E3;, H!=CW+wuhV7@#^ie _n );xHy'Gb`::C2%'th.B. 1 0 obj H\0? EdvG d69EHc;}7440SS ]if^cu}2:OwmcxNS?Iq.Mf6SL`e. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'beehour_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',127,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-medrectangle-3-0')}; The first piece of equipment required for beekeeping is the hive. Choosing starter hives means getting both bees and physical hives all in one. in your way is not. Bees are social creatures and they form entire societies with hierarchy and organizational division of labor. Now, there are professional electricity-heated knives you can buy, but in my experience, a regular flat long knife dipped in hot water can get the job done as well. My philosophy is that protective gear is not there just for my benefit; it also protects the bees. If you are anxious, they will be too. It basically does the same thing as the second method, only way faster and way more efficient. Your email address will not be published. This handy little tool makes it easy to mark the back legs of your queen with an easy-to-see, non-toxic ink. endobj forces them to learn new pathways and discover new sources of food and water. Now, depending on the type of a hive you pick, you would like to get But only do this if you are handy with carpentry. So, while you do need all the stuff I mentioned to be a good beekeeper; you need knowledge before anything else. 0000013893 00000 n Bee smoker is what I like to call semi-essential part of the beekeeping equipment as it really makes work around the hive a lot easier and safer.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'beehour_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_12',134,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0')}; The smoker is not a big investment but it pays off immediately. Ill circle back to that later. the hive as a big communal house, a piece of real estate for the bees. boards can come in handy if there is a need for better ventilation or traffic This is one area in which you truly get what you pay for. I say this because its true and because I often misplace mine and I used actual hair clips a number of times. Oh yeah, I almost forgot; you need a shelf. 2022 Living Media India Limited. Tractor Talk: Tires, Ballast & Fuel Stabilizers. Some beekeepers prefer using a fan or a brush to get the same results, and there are even those who do not use any means of bee control. and every time you move them to a different location, it confuses them and Your first and most obvious expense are the hives themselves. 0000011013 00000 n A good bee suit does a couple of things. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. you to extract the honey away from the hive and at the time of your choosing, 0000026177 00000 n And I think it is about time we acknowledge how amazing bees are and how important they are for us. It depends on the scope of work I perform and whether or not Swarming enough space to explore and gather food. 0000007446 00000 n 0000031175 00000 n Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This happens because the bee which stung me dies, but before it does, it releases pheromones that alert other bees to the presence of danger. They say that smokers can reduce honey production if done too frequently. If you live in an urban area, consider planting How do they let each other know if there is a threat to the hive or where the best Countless individuals are naturally interested in learning about how difference species reproduce, and it is no different when it comes to bees. 0000005341 00000 n Having the bees in the shade can trigger their Hive stand: This improves air circulation by elevating the hive. the hive. choices, all of which will get the job done. This Coop De Ville Build Is One Cool Coop! My goal is to show you that beekeeping is not that complicated, that you can also learn to do it, fall in love with it and help our planet while doing it. What kind of a guide is this? 0000028235 00000 n Aveil, bee suit and gloves: Worn properly, protective clothing helps keep stings to a minimum. So, now that we addressed the keeping part, lets address the bee part of this beekeeping equipment guide. hb```e``d @V `@,\eOxM_|.L iAP P) ;cCvC2 F{tCh;p`ceD,6!J@'b Your hives represent the single largest investment you will make in your new hobby. bees and in some cases, even more. reflexes. While harvesting not all the time. to keep to themselves, and being interrupted by human activity is not really In the case I get stung, it hurts me, yes, but it also hurts the colony as the bees get more aggravated. Now you have a good idea of what youre looking at to start a beekeeping hobby. 0000006018 00000 n You need other stuff to perform hive-related tasks. 0000026292 00000 n 0000005452 00000 n And yes, you will be cleaning your hives regularly. 0000004096 00000 n 0000002938 00000 n Not very scientific, just simple and useful.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'beehour_com-leader-3','ezslot_15',137,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-leader-3-0')}; The reason I wanted to talk about this last one is simple; its not the hive; its not the bees, its not the hive tool or any of the stuff I mentioned that is the most essential equipment. This is probably the most important piece of protective equipment many beekeepers use. The following are considered among the more essential pieces of equipment for beekeeping: I discuss each in more detail below. 0000003522 00000 n There are several types of honey extractors, and they differ in the size, the operation mechanism and in the design features. Smoke doesnt make bees more docile by sedating them. I also detail a list of non-essential items as well.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'beekeeping_101_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_7',107,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beekeeping_101_com-medrectangle-3-0')}; For a great range of general beekeeping equipment, Amazon stocks a fantastic selection.Click hereto take a look (opens in a new tab).. production is directly proportional to the amount of resources they can gather. Moving them to nectar-rich areas is fine, but moving them just because they are To be a successful beekeeper, deciding on a suitable beehive stand is necessary to ensure the health of your hive. The smoker seems to be a controversial tool within the beekeeping community. 0000011742 00000 n Losing your queen means the end of your hive. extra frames or top bars. Spare mesh covers and bottom endobj There are gathers at the ankles, wrists, and neck to prevent bees from getting in. Then you place the feeder in a strategic location. Modern hives look a lot like a chest of drawers. What they all have in common is sterility. For example, if you are using a The queen marker is certainly not essential to beekeeping, but it is rather helpful for new beekeepers. Centripetal force sucks the honey out of the combs way faster than gravity does. The list is so large that it would be nearly impossible to cover everything here. Beekeepers who prefer a more natural method of beekeeping often leave them off. 0000026079 00000 n I have fallen in love with beekeeping a few years ago. So the first thing to ask yourself is whether you want to buy starter hives or bee kits. The rest of the equipment, or shall we say the non-essential, but still useful items include: bee suit, bee smoker, hive tool, uncapping knife, brush, queen catcher, queen marker, feeder, honey extractor, honey jugs, and thats about it. In the event you feel your queen is getting ready to abandon the hive in search of a new place to lay eggs, you can use the excluder to keep her confined. And so is the quality of the final product. The shelf Im referring represents the number of books about beekeeping youve read, the depth of your knowledge and your experience. I personally dont use gloves as they interfere with my ability to handle the bees, move the frames or catch and mark the queen. stuff you need to make your beekeeping tasks easier. For reprint rights: Syndications Today, Copyright 2022 Living Media India Limited. 0000066353 00000 n Swarming usually occurs during spring. rule applies to bee housing and human housing: its LOCATION, LOCATION, So, never stop expanding your shelf and always be open to new and exciting stuff happening in the beekeeping world. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'beehour_com-box-3','ezslot_2',126,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-box-3-0')}; There are is a process of starting a new colony and it happens when a new honey bee queen Outer cover: Protects hive from the elements. The six items listed above are considered essential for new beekeepers. This is basically the same deal as with the suit. point for your colony. But how do bees communicate with each other? If your hive frames do not fit right, you might not get the best results from them. Well, these dont actually have to be jugs; you can use various types of containers to store honey. But this requires a lot of luck, especially if there are If you are unfamiliar with bee smokers, you can check out this article that explains what a bee smoker is, how it works, and what is used for. %PDF-1.4 % The suit also includes a hat and netting to keep bees away from your head and face while you are working. p0ziF ` 2'N endstream endobj 10 0 obj <>>> endobj 11 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <> endobj 14 0 obj <>stream There are specialized stores and markets where you can order your bee colony and its the most common way new colonies are started. 0000028563 00000 n This makes the food accessible without tempting other critters that try to steal it. For reprint rights: Syndications Today, KB Netrue Honey Bee Cap Bee Veil Green 1 pcs (bee Cap), INDIGENOUS HONEY Bee Cap Honeybee Cap Bee Veil for The Protection of Face from A Honey Bee Sting, Electomania Bellow and Excellent Smoke Output Airflow Bee Hive Smoker Beekeeping Equipment, Large Size, Brain Freezer Bee Suit Profession Beekeeping Jacket Veil for Men and Women Blue, Pair Protective Beekeeping Gloves, Goatskin Bee Keeping with Vented Long Sleeves - Yellow and White, 50cm, 19.68 inch, Electomania Bee Suit Profession Beekeeping Jacket Veil Suit Camouflage Bee Protective Equipment for Men Women, Kiston Flexible Shaft Round Pipe for Backpack Brush and Grass Cutter, Hi-tech Natural Products(India)ltd. Rubber Bee Keeping Gloves, Bee Enthusiasts Stainless Steel Bee Smoker. %PDF-1.5 expanding the colony or harvesting honey. Thus, finding an appropriate Wherever you get stung, it probably hurts a lot more compared to getting stung in the calf or a thigh. Beekeeping can be done in many ways; you can treat it is a hobby, you can do it to meet your personal needs, you can conduct it as a commercially viable business, or maybe you see beekeeping as a mixture of all of the things I mentioned. Additional equipment is just a footnote and it touches on specialized tools for cutting and modifying the boxes and frames, hammers, nails, tools of all sorts and stuff like that. I own one and use it often, but Of course, we know you need those stuff for beekeeping, its called BEE-KEEPING for a reason. Well, yeah, it does feel kinda silly to point those out, but there is way more to it; spare frames, mesh boards for ventilation, additional hive boxes, hive stands, details, and other stuff you need that no one really mentions as essential. If you havent tried using it, see my guide to get started How to light and use a bee smoker? if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'beehour_com-leader-2','ezslot_14',135,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-leader-2-0')}; Awh, the magic wand. They tend to not bother humans as long as the humans dont bother them. 0000012537 00000 n It limits the amount of moisture coming in from the soil and enables better hive ventilation, especially if the surrounding grass is tall and thick. Its one of the few activities that grow on you the more you get involved with it. The hive tool is a seemingly simple tool that can be like gold to the beekeeper. There are a couple of ways you can start a colony. scouts and worker bees alike. <> You see, the hive is not a single item, it consists of boxes and frames, cover boards, hive stands, ventilation mesh boards, feeders, etc. So, catching a swarm Beekeeping is a fantastic hobby, but for those who keep bees in hot or humid conditions, the advent of hot weather in spring and summer can be nightmarish in a bee suit. just way easier for both parties to go about their business. Naturally, professional suits are the best option, and there are plenty of Marking the queen is one of the means of tracking the colony, and we use different colors for different reasons, and to do so, we use queen markers. no hives in the vicinity and you havent done it before. 2021 Beekeeping 101 - a Carman Online Content Publishing Ltd website. Hive tool: A steel tool used to open the hive, scrape wax/propolis and handle frames. The bees will actually end up sealing the hive shut between inspections. A swarm can number as high as 10.000 Depending on where you live and how many hives you want to start with, an initial investment of between $1,000 and $1,500 would be reasonable if you were living in the U.S. Obviously this would vary depending where in the world you live. Removing the top cover, pulling out frames, or simply moving parts of the hive is at times near damn impossible without the hive tool. 9 0 obj <> endobj xref 9 44 0000000016 00000 n Copyright Consider the features of your neck and face area. 0000066316 00000 n A first-time customer arrives at a local apiary to pick up a load of bees. You can then move it back and forth to loosen the honeycomb. Frames and They are docile because their bellies are full. stream Honey Your bees will spend less time building and more time producing honey. Some are still anxious 6 to 8 months later. 0000001539 00000 n This guide will let you in on the essential equipment every new beekeeper should have on hand. Beekeeping equipment has all of the professional beekeeping supplies and beekeeping tools in best prices for hobbyist and professional beekeepers. Langstroth or a Warre hive, having spare boxes can be quite beneficial for control. trailer <]/Prev 356103>> startxref 0 %%EOF 52 0 obj <>stream If you dont have beekeeping gloves, you can use any type of construction gloves made from hardened materials. These In a top-bar system, extra bodies are They might perceive you as a threat and attack. It is a natural process and its a way that Having a quality brush will ensure that you do not agitate your bees when working with them. To begin beekeeping with one Langstroth hive, youll need the following: Your email address will not be published. The same doesnt mean you have to have a flower field to place a hive, but having one 0000002034 00000 n The tool easily slips down along the side of the space. Two deep hive bodies: These boxes are used as brood and food chambers by the bees. Required fields are marked *. 0000075668 00000 n endobj Because they are generally cheap plastic, it is best to buy them in packs of 5 to 10.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'beekeeping_101_com-banner-1','ezslot_0',110,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beekeeping_101_com-banner-1-0')}; The queen excluder is essentially a metal rack with slits small enough to allow workers and drones through while keeping the queen in her place. Its basically a marker that doesnt contain harmful substances to bees and you put a small dot with it on the queens back. Know this: there are both essentials and non-essentials when it comes to beekeeping. is one of the ways to start a new colony. The good news is that you will not need to spend tens of thousands of dollars. 0000007090 00000 n the hive is basically the outer layer of the hive, or the box as we like to Use duct tape to close the end of the leggings if your boots are shallow. 0000017796 00000 n 0000013356 00000 n You fill the pan with sugar water and place the grate on top. Queen excluder: A frame and grid that keeps the queen from entering the honey supers to lay eggs (not used by all beekeepers). Leather and rubber are preferred materials for boots and gloves because bees cannot easily sting through them. Many beekeepers, myself included, bring it with them whenever they approach the hive, even if its just for an inspection. Watching For Wildlife On the Farm (Part 1), Plan Your Farm Layout For Maximum Efficiency, Recipe: Quick Pickled Beets (Refrigerator). Welcome to our online shop, full of beekeeping equipment for the new or experienced beekeeper. two levels to this guide; the absolutely essential beekeeping equipment and the To extract the honey, you need to uncap those cells and the uncapping knife is used for that purpose. Until next time. They actually consist of layers of small boxes stacked on top of one another.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'beekeeping_101_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_8',108,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beekeeping_101_com-medrectangle-4-0')}; Next on your list are hive frames. She and her husband are as thrilled as they can be to undertake what they hope will be a very profitable hobby. There is a general rule in beekeeping; if its good for the bees, its good for you! Secreting wax from specialized glands, the bees build hexagonal cells onto the frames. x][s6~wG{dU[[eJ6qx%'{$abO9ehl4/Mt:r 5hDODW_|"J/o?zey_?JDI8F?J__=~|Yye_\Do_UWg?+7_>;{6_,M6WgmDuQqiFZh|22xEuZCh:.UH?*.jxUNv4+y"5PMWU(SU]*? Its the same deal as hive bodies. The other thing it does is protect you against bee stings in the event they do attack. Foundations go underneath and provide a base for the bees honeycomb structure. There are hundreds (if not thousands) of options to pick from when it comes to the bee brush but I recommend to go for something simple and natural. not a pre-requisite. So get yourself a hive scraper. It is a handy little tool for temporarily capturing the queen and separating her from the hive. It must be raining For that reason, you might want to think about getting a queen marker. I dont prefer to use it but there are people who think bee blowers are a better way of controlling the bees than smokers and brushes. sunlight and they use it to navigate, communicate, and having at least one There is no point in doing more work than you have to, right? This is a process where you buy a swarm from other beekeepers. <> Either way is fine. but also allowing bees to continue working and storing new honey. See my other post why you should care about it and how to clean it how to clean beekeeping gloves. 0000028965 00000 n Many workers will be drawn away from the hive to the queen when you catch, so the device is often used as a means of controlling the hive. You can buy them rather inexpensively from the same supplier that provides your hives. Smoker: This implement produces a cool smoke that settles the bees by causing them to gorge on honey. easier for both you and the bees. If you want to save a little money, you can buy some lumber down at the hardware store and make them yourself. 0000001442 00000 n colony, and plenty of open space. If your bees are acting aggressively, check out my article on how to calm them down click here. One thing I need to clarify before we start this journey; not all beekeepers use the same tools and techniques. Having protection from the bees is a preferential thing and many beekeepers are opting for minimal protection or no protection at all. 0000005565 00000 n 0000009536 00000 n Let me put it this way; bees work really hard to seal every section of the hive and as you might have known already; bees are pretty darn awesome at it. 0000003611 00000 n Should you decide to buy a bee kit, thats another story. But just to give you an idea, here are a few of the non-essentials that seem to be popular with modern beekeepers: The Queen catcher is a small hand-held tool that looks a lot like a plastic clip with rounded ends. Lets start with the essential equipment first; a hive, a After all, there is nothing to be anxious about if you know youre not going to be stung. 2 0 obj It is a lot easier and safer to do with the tool than your hand. There are plenty of options you can choose from, and I have explained the most popular types of hives in my other post Types of beehives (click here). Beehour.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. If you are thinking about beekeeping, getting started is going to require an investment. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 1008] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Be sure to supplement your bee suit with a good pair of gloves and work boots. Heres the deal: bees seal any holes they find with a sticky substance known as propolis. All of them perform the same task. Feeder: Provides bees with supplemental feed such as sugar syrup when stores are low. absolutely essential to have the spare frames, but it does make things a lot The first function is to help you pry the lids off your hives. Fans of natural beekeeping tend to shy away from using the excluder. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'beehour_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_8',131,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-beehour_com-large-leaderboard-2-0')}; Well, now that we covered the very essential stuff you need to call yourself a beekeeper, lets get into the equipment that makes your life as one easier. With that in mind, there is plenty of stuff on this list that you dont necessarily need to have, but it makes life easier on both you and the bees. The honey extractor is a perfect example of an actually useful high-school science experiment, applicable in real life. My recommendation is: use the smoker. Its not a big thing but it does add up over time. It is normal for people who know nothing about beekeeping to not know what they dont know. In nature, bees will move to new locations if their food sources dry up. So, to have a successful bee colony, you need to provide them with Uncapping knife is needed only during honey extraction and you can keep it in the place you designated for that. nearby goes a long way. Believe it or not, you are going to need feeders to keep your bees going at times. Its where the bees build combs 0000020934 00000 n Bottom board: The bottom floor of the hive. Everyone has their own philosophy on how to prepare for work around a beehive. Beekeepers use a brush to sweep bees away from the spot they are focusing on. So, when I say hive, what I actually mean are these components. A typical bee kit comes with a single queen and her army of workers and drones. If you do however decide to improvise, make sure you duct tape the ends to eliminate crawl space. The hive scraper is a tool used to clean the sides and top bars of your hives. The same goes for covers. Honeybees are not naturally aggressive. There are a couple of components of a bee suit. There are three ways of extracting honey: crushing the combs, uncapping the cells and letting the honey slowly drip out, and the third method using a honey extractor. <>>> Luckily, there are tons of 7 Best Beehive Stands And How To Choose The One For You. Ten frames with foundation per hive body: Each frame holds a sheet of beeswax or plastic foundation.

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