causes of cyber crime research paper

The name Trojan is derived from ancient Greek mythology. technological changes. The demand for Internet and computer connectivity has led to the integration of computer Technology into products that have usually functioned without it, such as cars and buildings. Further, this study has shed light on the rapidness of cybercrime across the world. Cybercriminals have taken advantage of this gap to undermine global efforts. 37 Enhancing cyber security and protecting critical information infrastructures are essential to each nation's security and economic well-being. The offence described as "hacking" refers to unlawful access to a computer system191, one of oldest Computer-related crimes.Following the development of computer networks (especially the Internet), this crime has become a mass phenomenon. What are the various forms of cybercrimes adopted by criminals in recent days? Moore, M. (2016). The second type is the black hat hacker who works without authorization. advance standards for cybercrime investigations. The Greeks wanted to conquer the city of Troy but its walls were impenetrable. Krausz & Walker, (2013) argue that cybercrime is an offense committed when the computer is the main instrument of crime or when the computer is targeted for the crime. endobj Organizations such as the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention, The League of Arab States Convention, and the Draft African Union conventions have attempted to define cybercrime even though their definitions are not accepted worldwide (Alazab & Broadhurst, 2015). Cybercrime: The transformation of crime in the Information Age. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> Wall (2007) argues that cybercrime has not created new crimes but it has instead provided an additional method through which offenses such as theft, extortion, illegal protests and terrorism thrives. It is therefore crucial that they are reviewed in order to include new. Through its subgroup on High Tech crime, it advises and asssts member countries on computer crime. Computer crime has become a major global challenge and continues to be a major concern for international security. We know that there is significant under-reporting, although the new General Data Protection Regulation is likely to prompt a better picture of scale. Fraudsters impersonate legitimate senders such as bankers and they can get away with essential credentials such as usernames, passwords, and account numbers. The impact of cybercrime on societies across the world is immense and consequential. Cyber security plays an important role in the ongoing development of information technology, as well as Internet services. Cybercrime: An overview of the federal computer fraud and abuse statute and related federal criminal laws. Its researchers have continued to work together with scholars and IT specialists to. It is estimated that the damages worldwide accrue to over 2.8 billion dollars every year. Thirdly, cybercrime can be committed to fighting for a cause that is key to the perpetrators beliefs. Criminals have found it easier to destroy businesses through inflicting harm to their databases. The value of sensitive information and the ability to access it remotely makes data espionage highly interesting. The financial system has been increasingly targeted by cybercriminals. Leading the UK's fight to cut serious and organised crime, NCA general enquiries or to verify an NCA officer, available 24/7, Bribery, corruption and sanctions evasion, Operation Stovewood: Rotherham child sexual abuse investigation, Intelligence: enhancing the picture of serious organised crime affecting the UK, Investigating and disrupting the highest risk serious and organised criminals, Providing specialist capabilities for law enforcement, Cyber Choices: Helping you choose the right and legal path, National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime 2020, National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime 2018, Hacking forum taken offline and UK suspect arrested, East London DJ ordered to give up nightclub equipment with suspected links to cyber fraud, Rise in school cyber crime attacks sparks NCA education drive, Hacking - including of social media and email passwords, Phishing - bogus emails asking for security information and personal details, Malicious software including ransomware through which criminals hijack files and hold them to ransom, Distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks against websites often accompanied by extortion, Choose strong passwords and dont reuse them for multiple logins. stream Digital evidence and computer crime: Forensic science, computers, and the internet. Data breach refers to unlawful gaining of information by unauthorized persons that often compromises security or integrity personal information. e-mail, chat or VoIP communications). John Wiley & Sons. Numerous techniques are being used by criminals of the 21st century to target sensitive data, recording the highest levels of fraud in history. High-profile attacks are often based on individually-designed attacks. According to Moore (2016) terrorism in cyberspace takes many forms such as physical destruction of machinery, remote interference of computer networks, disruption of government networks, and mass media. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. As opportunities unfold, they have brought along new opportunities to commit crimes. How has cybercriminal activity impacted the world and international security? https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4348-0_1. 9.8 million from ATMs over a Labor Day weekend. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. <> Which measures can the international community take up to curb the situation? 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The cyber crime as a whole refers to Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)". a shady and dangerous platform that is often used for conducting illegal undertakings. Notably, in 2015, there was a massive cyberattack that targeted individuals and businesses through ransomware named Cryptowall version 3.0(Alazab & Broadhurst, 2015). Hundreds of millions of computers are connected to the Internet, and many computer systems are Without adequate protection in place to prevent illegal access. We focus on critical cyber incidents as well as longer-term activity against the criminals and the services on which they depend. The UN has in the past produced reports on measures to curb high technology and computer-related crime. Doyle, C. (2011). To effectively combat cybercrime, there needs to be harmonization of cybercrime regulation and legislation across the world. Cybercrime has led to significant damage not only for individuals but also for businesses whereby it causes employment disruptions and reduced trust for a companys online activities. 12 0 obj However, the United Kingdom Computer Misuse Act stipulates that the use of networked computers, telephones, or internet technology to conduct or facilitate crime is tantamount to cybercrime. The study was conducted purposively to elaborate and provide more knowledge on the concept of cybercrime and cybersecurity. Notably, there exists a faction of cybercriminals known as hacktivists. This study notes that there are several reasons why cybercriminals engage in crime. E-mails have displaced traditional letter, online web representation is nowadays more important for businesses than printed publicity materials; and Internet-based communication and phone services are growing faster than landline communications. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. As well as disrupting the current generation of cyber criminals we also want to prevent young people from slipping into cyber crime. The following numbers have been extracted from national crime statistics. Many Russian-speaking cyber groups are threatening UK interests, but home-grown cyber criminals are becoming more sophisticated and therefore a rising threat. Cybersecurity strategies -for example, the development of technical protection systems or the education of users to prevent them from becoming victims of cybercrime -can help to reduce the risk of cybercrime. Ethical hacking terminologies. Mohammed I. Alghamdi, 2020, A Descriptive Study on the Impact of Cybercrime and Possible Measures to Curtail its Spread Worldwide, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 09, Issue 06 (June 2020), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, A Review of the Major Source and Effect of Pollution in Inland Water Bodies of Nigeria, Analysis and Design of A Zero Voltage Transition Dc-Dc Boost Converter, Health Index Determination of Distribution Transformer, Automated Wild Animals Identification in Forest using Machine Learning and Forest Fire Alert System, Impact of Land use Land Cover Change on Runoff in Kuttiyadi River Basin, A Short Review on Biomass Production from Agricultural Wastes, Road Traffic Accident Analysis of Motorways in Pakistan, Design and Fabrication of Automated Scissor Jack, A Study of Magnetic Piston Repulsion Engine. The Internet is one of the fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure development. The attacker takes advantage and performs an exploits vulnerability to gain access. During the 11th UN congress on crime prevention, a discussion workshop was held to discuss potential collaboration between nations and the private sector to battle cybercrime. The European Union member countries are cohesively working together to combat cybercrime. endobj Cyber technology has been used to commit the highest atrocities in world systems such as electoral fraud and treasonable offenses. The author conducted a survey covering a variety of internet users among them students, business persons, and bankers. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Even when a computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, may contain records of value to criminal investigators.so the network must be secure as no one can access the information of the computer. Cybercriminals all over the world can only be brought to justice if there are available and adequate laws to combat the vice. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> Table 1.2 showing distribution of internet users across the world, gaining ground in both developed and developing countries. % Fighting cybercrime: A joint effort. %PDF-1.7 "key loggers") that Record every keystroke -and consequently any passwords used on the computer and/or device. However, the growth of the information society is accompanied by new and serious threats. Casey (2011) attributes the skyrocketing of phishing cases to well- modeled ideal tools that fraudsters and perpetrators use even with little computer- software knowledge. Shea, J. M. (2012). In a single example, A Russian gang took $. The implications of cybercrime on international security have risen from the manner of technology use by individuals and a set of people known as cybercriminals. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Cybercrime Risks and Responses, 103- 120. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137474162_7, Alsmadi, I. There have been efforts to combat cybercrime by various organizations such as the United Nations, the European Union, the Council of Europe, and Interpol. Data breaches have become a norm for big social media companies such as. The. Essential services such as water and electricity supply now rely on ICTs. Lastly, they delete logs and other details to avoid getting caught. Police officers from Interpol member countries can access each others databases. Equally or more dangerous is the warm which refers to a subgroup of the virus that can travel from one computer to another without help from a person. Install security software such as anti-virus and two-factor authentication. Even though such a classification is unsaleable for this study, its essential to the understanding of the term. The Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement uses the term computer information to describe computer crime- related offenses. https://doi.org/10.1109/cybersecpods.2017.8074858. Three main factors have supported the increasing number of hacking attacks: inadequate and incomplete protection of computer systems, development of software tools that automate the attacks, and the growing role of private computers as a target of hacking attacks. :\W0r4~95kARH_- S0M80`$Ar; i T1)S& R}@"'A=]!n Al-Baha University, Al-Baha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> This means that a particular cybercrime could be a crime in one country but fail to meet the criminal threshold in another. If you are a victim of cyber crime please report it to Action Fraud, the UK's fraud and cyber crime reporting centre. Some quotas have referred to it as electronic crime, computer crime, and computer-related crime. There have been different classifications of cybercrime. Most countries of the world have highly developed internet networks. In 2016, phishing attacks succeeded to get critical passwords from Hillary Clintons campaign team in the run- up to the general election. This form of cybercrime is also known as phishing. The development of technology has subsequently led to the development of the term computer crime. Consequently, not all cybercrime is treated or criminalized similarly in different states. Parker defined it as computer abuse saying it involves intentional acts in which victim (s) suffer a loss while others make a profit. But acts related to the term "hacking" also Include preparatory acts such as the use of faulty hardware or software implementation to illegally obtain a password to enter a computer system, setting up "spoofing" websites to make users disclose their Passwords and installing hardware and software-based key logging methods (e.g. Similarly, in computer lingo, a Trojan is a program that is employed in a victims device unknowingly. The research utilized instruments such as questionnaires, virtual interviews, and reports from radio and electronic media. This research paper provided by research paper writing service will use the term computer crime and cybercrime interchangeably to denote crime that utilizes or targets computer data and systems for committing an illegal activity. Recently, software tools are being used to automate attacks. endobj These attacks act to prevent people from connecting to a network or a computer. At the national level, this is a shared responsibility requiring coordinated action related to prevention, preparation, response and recovery from incidents on the part of government authorities, the private sector and citizens. This development of the information society offers great Opportunities. Electricity supply, transportation infrastructure, military services and logistics -virtually all modern services depend on the use of ICTs.Although the development of new technologies is focused mainly on meeting consumer demands in western countries, developing countries can also benefit from new technologies.4 With the availability of long-distance wireless communication technologies such as WiMAX5 and computer systems that are now available for less than USD 200, many more people in developing countries should have easier access to the Internet and related products and services. While hacking may be characterized as criminal in some countries, there is a need for information security experts with the knowledge of hacking to counter cyber threats in the fields of business, politics, social media, and national security. Among the first people to write about computer crime was Donn Parker who was was considered the first national expert on computer security in the United States. Cyber crime costs the UK billions of pounds, causes untold damage, and threatens national security. As further discussed below, They are not intended to be representative of either the global development of cybercrime or of the true Extent of cybercrime at the national level, and are thus presented only to provide an insight into country Information. State of cyber security: the Ugandan perspective, CYBERCRIME AS AN EMERGENT SECURITY ISSUE IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Machine Learning Based Malicious Website Detection, A Study on Secure Communication for Digital Forensics Environment, Cyber Security And Indian Enactments: Problems And Prospects, The Reality of Technologies for Cyber Security Challenges, Virtual Parliament An immediate need of Digitally Ready India, The Case for an African Solution to Cybercrime -A Critical Assessment of the African Union Convention on Security in Cyberspace and Personal Data Protection, the state of cybercrime governance in Ethiopia (available at:http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/the-state-of-cybercrime-governance-in-ethiopia/, Cyber Crimes within Social Networks and Efficacy of Domestic Legislations to Combat against Them, THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK PROHIBITING CYBERCRIMES IN NIGERIA, Violation by sexual image distribution, revenge pornography, cyberabuses, and prevention. Further, there is a need to engage in proactive strategies in observing and averting cybercrime attacks (Howard & Gulyas, 2014). Our #CyberChoices campaign encouraged parents of young people with cyber skills to talk to them about their ambitions and the opportunities to use their skills positively. Offenders can intercept communications between users(such as e-mails) or other forms of data transfers (when users upload data onto webservers or access web-based external storage media) in order to record the information exchanged. Cyber security strategies -for example, the development of technical protection systems or the education of users to prevent them from becoming victims of cybercrime -can help to reduce the risk of cybercrime. On the other hand, Interpol, an organization that facilitates police officers across the world contributes significantly to the battle against cybercrime. This means that they cannot exist without computer technology. Such groups are motivated by greed and often engage in electronic commerce, electronic banking, and fraud. Cooperation is enhanced between member countries through the European Union Commission and its council. There are three main types of hackers, according to Gupta, (2019). %PDF-1.5 <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> The international journal of Science and Information security defines cybercrime as harmful acts that are committed from or against a computer or a network. council of Europes recommendations on Criminal Procedural Law indicates that IT offenses constitute an unlawful crime and declared that investigating powers should have a right to information thats processed or conveyed via computer systems. These requests are illegitimate and contain fabricated return addresses that mislead the victims computer servers as they authenticate the requestors. Hacking the hacker: Learn from the experts who take down hackers. % A good example of such destruction is in 2015 when an alleged Russian cyber attacker seized control of the Prykarpatnergo Control Center (PCC) in Western Ukraine. Another definition by Bernik, (2014) highlights cybercrime as illegal behavior that is carried out by electronic operations and seeks to target computer systems and data processed by the devices. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> The EU adopted a policy that allows the adoption of substantive legislative grounds to deal with cybercrime activities and the hiring of well-trained law enforcement personnel (Boes & Leukfeldt, 2016). Attacks against information infrastructure and Internet services have already taken place. endobj The Lizard Squad is a black-hat-type of a hacker group that has been identified as an example for this study. Investigating the relevance of the introduction of the Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017 in Zimbabwe. Cybersecurity plays an important role in the ongoing development ofinformation technology, as well as Internet services. These are people who protest organizations policies and practices. In 2020, a US senate committee released reports showing that a Chinese firm was in breach of privacy regulations as its a database consisting of customer records that was shared with third parties. Combating cybersecurity breaches in the digital world using misuse detection methods. These people have mastered the art of computer networks to their advantage. endobj 3 0 obj Losses are estimated at 10 billion dollars annually. Combating computer viruses. Cyber crime continues to rise in scale and complexity, affecting essentialservices, businesses and private individuals alike. Now the image gives a particular description of the distrupter timeline-At the regional and international level, this entails cooperation and coordination with relevant partners. The availability of ICTs is a foundation for development in the creation, availability and use of network-based services. Notably, most enterprises do not report harm from cybercrimes indicating that the figure could be higher. Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare, 1- 56. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118898604.cp, Boes, S., & Leukfeldt, E. R. (2016). A virus attaches itself to programs or files and can spread from computer to computer leaving infections. The NICE Cyber Security Framework, 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02360-7_5, Bernik, I. In the 1980s, a number of German hackers succeeded in entering US government and military computer systems, obtaining secret information and selling this information to agents from a different country. (2017). From these definitions, it is clear that cybercrime occurs within a virtual space under which information concerning people objects, events, or facts fashioned in mathematical symbols and transferred through local and worldwide networks. This definition concurs with that of Wall, (2007) who divides cybercrime into offenses that target computers and crime thats enabled by computers. The G8 has also focused on combatting transnational organized crime. (2019). The term grey hackers can also mean hackers whose intention is to warn others of their vulnerability even if they sometimes do it illegally. The fact that the 2010 UN General Assembly resolution on cyber security addresses cybercrime as one Major challenge. Have a conversation with your child and help them make the right choices. The ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda, as a global framework for dialogue and international cooperation to coordinatethe international response to the growing challenges to cybersecurity and to enhance confidence andsecurity in the information society, builds on existing work, initiatives and partnerships with the objective of proposing global strategies to address these related challenges. Germany, for example, estimated its own IP losses, from industrial espionage at $25- 50 Billion dollars, much of which is caused by weak internet security. These attacks involve large amounts of traffic being sent to a host network rendering it inaccessible to normal users. Since most of these software tools use preset methods of attacks, not all attacks prove successful. The lead perpetrators of cybercrime are the youth who may have technical competence and experience to commit computer-related crimes. Type I refers to cybercrime activities that are technical, for example, hacking. 4 0 obj We also work with partners such as the National Cyber Security Centre, Get Safe Online and Cyber Aware to promote ways for the public and businesses to protect themselves online. As already stated, crime statistics often do not list offences separately, and available statistics on the impact of cybercrime are in general unable to provide reliable information about the scale or extent of offences at a level sufficient for policy-makers. Recently, there have been breakthroughs in the field as major telecommunication companies sprint to introduce 5G networks to the globe. An anti-cybercrime strategy should be an integral element of a cybersecurity strategy. Learning the Basics. Consequently, this resulted in a wrongful prescription that led to the fatality of a patient in the hands of an innocent nurse. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management, 1- 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_80-1, Gupta, S. (2019). xWn8b"INZ'mMVflyPd)vDS3~fH>vO:`2P>ux8Qp^>wy~H aq3^k `!N;srq. Cybersecurity breaches and issues surrounding online threat protection. At the hands of cybercriminals, victims lose private information, money, and even their characters. endobj Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Research efforts must be boosted towards understanding criminal activity globally through international initiatives, legislation, and procedures. It provides the perpetrator with remote access for the victims computer (Shea, 2012). Unhindered access to information can support democracy, as the flow of information is Taken out of the control of state authorities (as has happened, for example, in Eastern Europe and North Africa).Technical developments have improved daily life -for example, online banking and shopping, the use of mobile data services and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephony are just some examples of how far the integration of ICTs into our daily lives has advanced. Similarly, the CoE is engaged in activities that endeavor to curb computer crime. 1 0 obj through a botnet -he/she can increase the scale still further. Such crimes may threaten a nation's security and financial health. As discussed, cybercrime is regarded differently in various countries. endobj The group also conducted various detrimental hacks including taking down the internet in North Korea, attacking of PlayStation network, and an attack on Destiny in which they changed the companys logo on their. Cyber attacks are financially devastating and disrupting and upsetting to people and businesses. Alsmadi, (2019) acknowledges that there is no clear definition of cybercrime in the academic milieu. It is critical that a common classification of computer crimes be adopted by all nations globally. Collaboration between Interpol and private entities such as Microsoft enables it to tackle and neutralize impending threats. the financial damage caused by cybercrime is reported to be enormous. The third type is the Grey hat hacker, whose sword is double-edged. In comparing cybercrime with the conventional crime, there is no much difference because both cause breaching of legal rules. Today, modern tools like email, text messages, and social media chats have replaced traditional methods and are now used to commit cybercrime. The organization for Economic and Development (OECD) in coherence with the United Nations member states declared crimes related to computer use as both unlawful and unethical. 2017 International Conference on Cyber Security And Protection Of Digital Services (Cyber Security). endobj However, there are fears that this network will also be used by criminals to gain access to victims organization network systems causing destruction and losses across all continents. The formulation and implementation of a national framework and strategy for cyber security thus requires a comprehensive approach. Currently, there is a disconnect in the manner the world has handled this form of criminal activity. Every day, there are new developments in malicious software and viruses that are developed across the world. This paper recommends that similarly, the response to cybercrime need also be proportional. 2 0 obj Using the kit, criminals searched, encrypted documents on victims computers before asking them to pay thousands of dollars if they ever needed their originals back.

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