moringa oleifera seeds water purification

Woomer PL. The bacterial suspension was compared to the 0.5 McFarland standards [31]. For both treated and untreated water samples, the coliform counts exhibit significant variation for the Angereb and Shinta river waters. Hypotensive constituents from the pods of Moringa oleifera. Sutherland JP, Folkard GK, Mtawali MA, Grant WD. The powder was stored in a sterile bottle at room temperature in a dark place. Water purification and antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. 2009;34:799805. Phytosynthesis of nanoparticles: concept, controversy and application. Masika PJ, Afolayan AJ. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. seeds for coagulation: a review of a sustainable option. The maximum MBC value under the ethanol extract was recorded 12.50mg/mL for E. coli (ATCC 2592) and clinical isolates of E. coli and Salmonella typhii; and the minimum MBC value (6.25mg/mL) was with the clinical isolate of Shigella dysenteriae. editors; Water, Sanitation, Environment & Development: Proceedings of the 19th World Economic Development Conference, Accra, Ghana; 1994; p. 109111. WHO. Guideline for drinking water quality incorporation first addendum. J Biol Sci. 1990;8:302. 2005;39:233844. A test tube was filled with the sample to the 10ml mark, and turbidity meter reading was taken against the blank tube. The acetone extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity with 19.00mm against Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate), while Shigella dysenteriae (clinical isolate) was the least sensitive with 7.66mm on the aqueous extract. For lowest concentration 0.016mg/L, the MPN was found to be 500 coliforms/100mL and 900 coliforms/100mL for the Angereb and Shinta river waters, respectively. [36]. The acetone extract prepared by M. oleifera seed revealed greater antimicrobial activity to all the experimental organisms followed by the methanol extract, while the aqueous extracts demonstrated the least zone of inhibition. J Ethnpharmaco. In: Ghorbanpourn M, Manika K, Varma A, editors. Ashafa AOT, Afolayan AJ. 6th edition. However, higher concentrations of M. oleifera seed powder have shown increased water turbidity. Porter WM. 1994;5:5979. For confirmatory test, from each positive presumptive test tube three loopful of samples were transferred to test tubes containing brilliant green lactose bile broth (BGLB), further incubated at 37C for 24h and inspected for the presence of gas. The number was the MPN of coliform per 100ml of the water sample [27]. Moringa oleifera seed powder has shown a significant reduction of turbidity and coliform count when it was used at smaller concentrations without altering the pH of the water. This could be explained by the presence of free positively charged molecules of the flocculants repelling, leading to the flocs floating or suspended in the water [15, 39]. Lopez V, Jager AK, Akerreta S, Cavero RY, Calvo MI. Water is used for several purposes by humans, but the level of purity of the water being consumed is very crucial since it has a direct effect on health. Further, M. oleifera seed powder at 0.016g/L reduced turbidity from 129.00 NTU to 16.8 NTU (86.98%) for the Angereb and from 208.3 NTU to 33.66 NTU (83.84%) for the Shinta river water. 2012;3:5304. Asian J Microbial Biotech Environ. This was followed by allowing the agar plate on the bench for 40min pre-diffusion followed by incubation at 37C for 2448h. The formation of clear inhibition zone of 7mm diameters around the wells was regarded as significant susceptibility of the organisms to the extract [33]. This investigation facilitates benefits to those who cannot afford and or have access to clean drinking water in Ethiopia and elsewhere. J Ethnpharmacol. Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed as coagulants for water Purification. UN WWAP. The filtrates were then centrifuged at 5000rpm for 15min. Treatment of 0.016g/L of M. oleifera decreased water turbidity from 208.3 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to 33.66 NTU (83.84%) and from 129 NTU to 16.8 NTU (86.98%) for the Shinta and Angereb river water samples, respectively. This might be due to differences in the concentration of the compound which aids to reduce coliforms in different parts of the tree (seed vs. leaf). Shahidi GA. Results have shown that the lowest concentration of aluminum sulfate exhibited maximum turbidity reduction. Santos AFS, Luz LA, Argolo ACC, Teixeira JA, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB. Chemical analysis and investigative study on water disinfecting properties of (Moringaceae) leaf. Sobsey MD. J Coastal Life Med. According to WHO guideline, the turbidity of safe drinking water is less than 5 NTU [35]. Mature seeds of M. oleifera were chosen from dry cracked fruits. They were left shaking on a horizontal shaker for 3days. New Jersey: Human Press Inc.; 2004. p. 3257. Thus, plant seed extracts could be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes. This research has no fund, except the little number of chemicals are provided by Department of Biology, University of Gondar, P.O. 2007;4:11923. It flows west to join the Atbarah river [20]. Futi AP, Otieno WS, Acholla OJ, Otieno WA, Ochieng OS, Mukisira MC. Nano Res Lett. Accordingly, the result was read from the display [29]. Pharmacological properties of Anagallis arvensis L. (scarlet pimpernel) and Anagallis foemina Mill. According to UN estimates, the amount of wastewater produced annually is about 1500km3, six times more than that exists in all the rivers of the world [14]. volume7, Articlenumber:25 (2018) The addition of 0.016g/L aluminum sulfate has reduced the water pH from 6.7 and 7.2 to 3.76 and 3.66 for the Angereb and Shinta river water samples, respectively. Lalas S, Tsaknis J. Ethiopia is a tropical country which is endowed with rich plant biodiversity, and there are many plant species found in this country for medicinal purposes, and it is often reported and explored [1]. Approved standard M7-AS (ISBN 1-56238-377-9). Effect of water coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial concentrations. Adejumo OE, Chekujekwy CN, Kolapo AL, Olubamima AO. Afr J Agric Res. The aqueous extract has shown maximum and similar response (25.00mg/mL) for clinical isolates of E. coli, Salmonella typhii and Shigella dysenteriae, while the MBC value was found minimum (12.50) for E. coli (ATCC 2592) (Table4). The historical geography of Ethiopia. [37] reported that the M. oleifera seed powder and leaves extracts have antiulcer and antigastritis activity. 1998;64:2258. Further, pH of raw water samples was obtained to be 6.7 for Angereb and 7.2 for Shinta river before treatment. 2002;83:12934. Moreover, a study is also required to optimize the appropriate concentration needed to bring about the reduction in turbidity and coliform count to WHOs standard for effective utilization of the seed for water purification. Public health microbiology: methods and protocols. Similarly, Arama et al. The present study has suggested that the acetone extracts of M. oleifera seeds have potential as antibacterial compounds against pathogens and their ability to either block or circumvent resistance mechanisms could improve the treatment and eradication of microbial strains. 2004;3:826. Canada. Natural coagulants for appropriate water treatment: a novel approach. Different plant parts are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, which have been found to have antimicrobial properties [2,3,4]. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Iranian medicinal plants against Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marceceans, Klebsiella pneumonia and Bordetella branchoseptica. Water Sci Technol Water Supp. Five different concentrations of the stock solution for the loading dose were prepared by weighing 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0g of M. oleifera seed powder and aluminum sulfate each separately into a beaker containing 500ml of distilled water. Seeds have also shown antimicrobial activity [18, 19]. Delelegn, A., Sahile, S. & Husen, A. Anc Sci Life. Privacy The treatments given were the varying concentrations of powder produced from M. oleifera seeds and the positive and negative control (aluminum sulfate and no seed powder, respectively) for water purification. Ciprofloxacin (25g/mL) was used as standard (positive) control and sample free solutions as blank control. This result was consistent with the finding by Arama et al. Ani Feed Sci Technol. However, the acetone extract had the maximum (13.33) antibacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC 2592), while the aqueous extract had the minimum (8.33) antibacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC 2592). The most frequent MIC value was 6.25mg/mL followed by 12.5mg/mL. The preliminary isolation of several antibacterial compounds from Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae). Cite this article. In: Bharati KP, Chauhan A, Kumar P, editors. SSSA Book Series. Amagloh FK, Benang A. Screening of crude extracts of six medicinal plants used in South-West Nigerian unorthodox medicine for antimethicillin resistant S. aureus activity. Furthermore, the percent variation for both the water sources is presented in Table2. Andargachew B, Samuel S. The effects of Dashen brewery wastewater treatment effluent on the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of Shinta river in Gondar, north west Ethiopia. 2011;3:10212. J Trace Elements Med Biol. Antimicrobial action of the leaf Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. Ramasamy S, Charles MA. 2013;3:2936. 2017;40:1023. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) statistical software. Husen A, Siddiqi KS. Ferreira RS, Napoleo TH, Santos AFS, S RA, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG, Morais MMC, Silva-Lucca RA, Oliva MLV, Coelho LCBB, Paiva PMG. In addition, McFarland standard was comparable to a bacterial suspension of 1.5108cell/mL [30]. Part of Studies have shown that the maximum reduction in coliform count, as it was done in the most probable number method, was observed at 0.08g/L concentration of M. oleifera seed powder from>2400 to 70CFU/100ml (97.08%) for the Angereb water sample and>2400 to 60CFU/100ml (97.5%) for the Shinta river sample. 1986;38:238. CAS 2011;3:10212. 1987;90:1019. Unasylva. The MIC value of M. oleifera seed extracts against the tested bacteria ranged from 6.25mg/mL (acetone extract to all tested organisms and methanol extract of M. oleifera on Shigella dysenteriaeclinical isolate and E. coliATCC2592) to 25.00mg/mL (aqueous extract of M. oleifera on Salmonella typhiiclinical isolate). 2006;6:21927. However, aluminum sulfate was the better water purifier as compared to M. oleifera since it exhibits more turbidity reduction which conforms to WHO standard with a concentration of 0.016g/L (from 129 NTU to 2.1 NTU (98.37%) for the Angereb and from 208.3 NTU to 1.86 NTU (99.11%) for the Shinta water sample. J Ethnpharmacol. Antimicrobial activity of some plants used for the treatment of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Vol.1, Recommendations 3rd ed. In this study, M. oleifera seed powder with a concentration of 0.016g/L has shown great reduction in turbidity in both of the water samples (from 129 NTU to 16.8NTU (86.98%) and from 208.3 NTU to 33.66 NTU (83.84%) for the Angereb and Shinta river water samples, respectively) compared to the negative control. More than 40 small and big rivers are reported to feed Lake Tana. Moringa oleifera: a Food plant with multiple medicinal uses. This finding is relatively comparable with the finding by Moyo et al. UNESCO: Paris, France; 2003. Paz EA, Cerdeiras MP, Fernandez J, Ferreira F, Moyna P, Soubes M, Vazquez A, Vero S, Zunio L. Screening of uruguan medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. The lake is the source of the Blue Nile river with a total surface area of 3600km2, a volume of 28km3 and an average elevation of 1911m above the sea level. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the seed hull of Quercus barantii on some gram-negative bacteria. 2006;22:42932. 2006. http://www.who.int/water.sanitation.health/dwh/qdwa0506.pdf Accessed 15 Sept 2012. Agriculture & Food Security The supernatant of each extract was evaporated by using Rota vapor (Laborator 4000-efficient, Heidolph, Germany). It should be noted that for plant materials, there is actually no standard concentration as a model measure for determining the antibacterial activity but Moyo et al. Phytother Res. 48. A loopful of the test organisms was inoculated into sterile normal saline. Managing water in the home: accelerated health gains from improved water supply, prepared for the WHO. United Nations World Water Assessment Programme. The sensitivity of E. coli (ATCC 2592) to the methanol extracts (9.66) also significantly varied from the aqueous extract. Significant reduction in pH was observed at 0.064g/L of aluminum sulfate which was to 3.76 (43.88%) and 3.66 (49.17%) for the Angereb and Shinta river water samples, respectively. Two ml of the various concentrations including the control of all the loading dosages prepared was measured into a beaker containing 500ml of the sample river water. 1a, b). It has also been reported that the quality of water treated with M. oleifera seed flour is improved through the proteins that promote coagulation [24, 50,51,52]; and coagulant proteins also demonstrated an ability to reduce the density of E. coli, Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations [51]. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House Pvt Ltd; 2012. p. 3179. 20th ed. Google Scholar. Such floating flocs could be filtered to achieve lower turbidity. 1998;62:25563. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Laboratory facilities and assistance provided by the lab staff Department of Biology and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Science in Gondar Medical College, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, are gratefully acknowledged. Google Scholar. [36] reported a reduction of turbidity at the lowest concentration of M. oleifera seed powder treatment. The most probable number method for enumerating infective propagules of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils. The MIC was determined for extracts that showed 7mm diameter growth inhibition zone. Makkar HPS, Singh B. Detannification of oak leaves: treatment and the optimization. Crushed seeds are also capable of attracting and sticking fast to bacteria and viruses that are found in contaminated and turbid water [16]. 2007;4:193749. Phys Chem Earth. Pure cultures of Escherichia coli (ATCC 2592) were taken from the microbiology laboratory, Department of Biology, while E. coli (clinical isolate), Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) and Shigella dysenteriae (clinical isolate) were obtained from the Gondar College of Medical Science, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Therefore, these characteristics of M. oleifera seed, in addition to its low cost, make M. oleifera a better alternative for water clarification and it reduces the chances of developing or accelerating ulcers in humans. Yibeltal M, Samuel S, Feleke M, Husen A. Antimicrobial activity of crude and semi-purified fractions of Warburgia ugandensis against some pathogens. The reduced activity of water extract against microbes investigated in this study is in agreement with previous workers which showed that aqueous extracts of plants generally exhibited little or no antimicrobial activities [4, 42, 43]. A significance level of p value less than 0.05 was used. The crude extracts were stored at 4C. All available data are tabulated and present in this paper. Chapter Masika and Afolayan [44] reported that gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to water extracts. These were the single-strength lauryl tryptose broth (SSLTB) and the double-strength lauryl tryptose broth (DSLTB). 2007;21:1725. E. coli (clinical isolate) response also significantly varied among the studied extracts (p=0.04). On each plate, equidistant wells were prepared with a 6-mm-diameter sterilized, cork borer, which were 2mm from the edge of the plate. Its leaves, fruit, flowers and immature pods are used as a highly nutritive vegetable in many countries, particularly in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Hawaii and many parts of Africa [3]. The methanol extract has shown a similar response (6.25mg/mL) for clinical isolates of E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae, while the MIC value was 12.50mg/mL for E. coli (ATCC 2592) and Salmonella typhii. J Agric Ext Rur Dev. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Isolation of a seed coagulant Moringa oleifera lectin. It has also been reported that when the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins produce positive charges acting like magnets and attracting the predominantly negatively charged particles (such as clay, silt, bacteria and other toxic particles in water) [15]. J Am Oil Chem Soc. The turbidity level of the water samples was measured before and after treatment of the sample with different doses of M. oleifera seed powder and aluminum sulfate using turbidity meter. Screening of a hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for ant-microbial and antiviral properties. 1979;17:5159. 2013;3:18491. Two types of the LTB tubes were prepared. Ndabigengesere A, Narasiah KS, Talbot BG. Dorea CC. Huntingford GWB. It was formed by a volcanic blockage that reversed the previously north-flowing Blue Nile river and created one of Africas greatest waterfalls. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilan AH. Siddiqi KS, Husen A. One-way ANOVA was used to test existence of statistically significant difference between mean zones of inhibition. WCCLS, 940, west valley road, suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania, 19087, USA; 2003. Compounds like tannins and polyphenol which are found in M. oleifera are soluble in acetone [48] and have been reported to possess antibacterial activity [49]. Google Scholar. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. It reveals that the seed powder and its extract can control and reduce waterborne bacterial diseases. Unlike aluminum sulfate, there was no significant effect on pH of both water samples observed after treatment with different concentrations of M. oleifera, except a slight reduction from 6.7 to 6.43 (4.03%) for the Angereb at a concentration of 0.016g/L and a reduction of pH from 7.2 to 6.9 (4.17%) for Shinta river water samples observed at a concentration of 0.032g/L (Table1). Most probable number counts. Green synthesis, characterization and uses of palladium/platinum nanoparticles. Google Scholar. Nano Res Lett. Except for E. coli clinical isolate, the aqueous extract showed a higher MIC value compared to the methanol extract. Different turbidity was found for the Angereb (129 NTU) and the Shinta (208.3 NTU) river waters. The solutions were mixed rapidly for 2min, followed by 10min of gentle mixing using a sterile glass rod to aid in coagulant formation. Martini ND, Eloff JN. [40] have reported that M. oleifera seeds coagulate 80.099.5% turbidity (surrogate for suspended fine particles) and color (surrogate for natural organic material), efficiently leading to aesthetically clear supernatant. The number of tubes showing gas production was counted, and the figure was compared to a table developed by the American Public Health Association [26]. Pal SK, Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Pal M, Saha BP. Environmental pollution and biodiversity, vol. The double strength was prepared using exactly twice the weights of the reagents used and stirred gently for 10min as it was done in the single-strength LTB preparation [25]. In the single strength, 6.5g of the LTB powder was weighed and dissolved in 500ml of distilled water. 2009;44:5048. The World Water Development Report 1: Water for People, Water for Life. Therefore, the present study was designed. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Moringa oleifera at pilot/full scale. The Angereb river is a river of Ethiopia and eastern Sudan and one of the sources of the Nile river found in Gondar town. Vlientinck AJ, van Hoof L, Lasure A, Vanden D, Rwangabo PC, Mvukiyumwami J. Michael L. Low-cost water treatment technologies for developing countries, Ottawa, Ontario. M. oleifera roots, leaves, seed, fruit, flowers, bark and immature pods are used as cardiac and circulatory stimulants, contain antipyretic, antiepileptic, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities, and are being used for the treatment of various ailments in the indigenous system of medicine [3]. Turbidity was determined by the nephelometric method using turbidimeter on water samples on the jar tests. Moreover, the extracts of the seed with different solvents showed antibacterial activity to all the four test organisms, i.e., Escherichia coli (ATCC2592), E. coli (clinical isolate), Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) and Shigella dysenteriae (clinical isolate). Among the used M. oleifera seed extracts, the acetone has shown maximum (19.00) antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) followed by methanol (15.33) and then the aqueous (7.66) extract. Correspondence to [53], considered 5.00mg/mL as their highest concentration level. Then, the extracts were filtered separately through Whatman no.1 filter paper. Therefore, the acetone has shown maximum (18.66) antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) followed by the methanol (17.00) and then the aqueous (7.66) extract. The MBC of the plant extracts was determined by the modified method of Spencer and Spencer [34]. The extracts were then aseptically introduced as described above. 2016;11:363. This investigation facilitates benefits to those who cannot afford and or have access to clean drinking water in Ethiopia and elsewhere. All samples were labeled and transported to the Tewodros campus Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, and stored at 4C for further studies. Pritchard et al. In this procedure, 15 test tubes with 15ml of lauryl tryptose broth were inoculated with 10mL of treated water samples and the control at different intervals. Agric & Food Secur 7, 25 (2018). Organisms were chosen based on reports of their human and livestock pathogenicity in water. Antibacterial activities of crude stem bark extracts of Distemonathus benthamianus Baill. In this study, the water purifying property of the seed powder specifically for the Angereb and Shinta rivers and the role of seed extracts against bacterial growth namely Escherichia coli (ATCC2592), E. coli (clinical isolate), Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) and Shigella dysenteriae (clinical isolate) were examined. Nano Res Lett. [38] also found that the M. oleifera seed extract reduced the turbidity and number of fecal coliforms in water samples from shallow wells. In this technique, a serial of twofold dilution of the extract was prepared in MuellerHinton agar. PubMed The yields of acetone, methanol and water extracts weighed 16, 15 and 13%, respectively. Siddiqi KS, Husen A. Five tubes received 10ml of water, the LTB used was double strength for this case, other five tubes received 1ml of water, and the last five tubes received 0.1ml of water. statement and The inhibition of growth was assessed after 24h incubation at 37C, and the minimum concentration that inhibited growth was considered as MIC value of the extract. 2014;9:229. APHA/AWWA/WPCF. The two water source samples studied in this investigation are frequently used by the communities living in and surrounding Gondar town. Moringa oleifera Lam. It has been found that the dry seeds of M. oleifera are used in place of aluminum sulfate by rural women to treat highly turbid Nile water. E. coli (clinical isolate) showed moderate sensitivity (15.66) with the methanol extract, while the lowest (8.33) sensitivity was with the aqueous extract. The plates that showed no growth after incubation of the batch of agar plates on MIC were sub-cultured on MuellerHinton agar plates and incubated at 37C for 24h. The highest dilution (least concentration) that yielded no single bacterial colony and showed no visible growth after incubation was taken as the MBC. Aiyegoro OA, Akinpelu DA, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. Siddiqi KS, Rahman A, Tajuddin Husen A. Biogenic fabrication of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles and their application. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The result was read directly from the turbidity meter display and reported as nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) [28]. The plucked fruits were cracked to obtain the seeds which were air-dried for 2days. 3rd Ed, Incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda 1: 668: 2008. Taken together, the seed powder exhibits a remarkable reduction in turbidity and coliform count which makes the seed powder a good source for water purification. Furthermore, most researchers [4, 45,46,47] have reported that water extracts of plants do not have much activity against bacteria. Recent advances in plant-mediated engineered gold nanoparticles and their application in biological system. However, in comparison with the used M. oleifera seed extracts, ciprofloxacin was considered as a standard drug and was found to be the best by showing maximum activity against the all tested bacterial growth (Table3). The acetone extract had maximum (18.00) antibacterial activity against E. coli (clinical isolate) in comparison with the other extracts. Forty liters of raw water samples were fetched from the Shinta and Angereb rivers. CAS The experiment was performed in triplicates. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2005;5:634750. Use of Moringa spp. Husen A, Mishra VK, Semwal K, Kumar D. Biodiversity status in Ethiopia and challenges. Further, the varying concentration of extracts with different solvents was produced from M. oleifera seeds and the positive control (ciprofloxacin) was used for antibacterial test. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Aluminum sulfate at 0.016g/L reduced turbidity from 129 NTU to 2.1 NTU (98.37%) for the Angereb, while the same concentration was found to be 208.30 NTU to 1.86 NTU (99.11%) for the Shinta water sample, after an hour of settling time. Khosravi A, Behzadi A. The mixtures in the beakers were stirred using a glass rod to obtain a clear solution. Each test was replicated three times [22]. London: The British Academy; 1989. p. 34. Unlike this finding, a study conducted by [41] revealed no significant difference in coliform count after the treatment of water sample with different concentrations of M. oleifera leaf powder. The acetone extract has shown similar responses (6.25mg/mL) for clinical isolates of E. coli and Salmonella typhii. The Shinta contributes to the Angereb river which is a part of the tributaries of Lake Tana. The antibacterial properties of the crude extracts were tested against the test organisms. Pak J Med Sci. The most frequent MIC value was 6.25mg/mL for the acetone extract. 1995;46:3147. J Agric Ext Rur Dev. J Pharmacol. By using this website, you agree to our Washington: American Public Health Association; 1998. p. 102331. The isolates were preserved on agar slant and stored at 4C until further use. Siddiqi KS, Husen A. In this procedure, 50g of M. oleifera powdered seeds was soaked in 250mL of each of the solvents which were acetone, methanol and aqueous and in all cases equal volumes of solvents were used. Both sites of water samples were subjected for purification studies and treated with dried seed powder. Both the Shinta and Angereb river water had pH within the acceptable standards. Seed extract is observed to have a protective effect by decreasing liver lipid peroxides and is antihypertensive [1113]. J Ethnpharmacol. The World Health Organization has estimated that up to 80% of all disease and sickness in the world is caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability of water [13]. Arama PF, Wagai SO, Ogur JA, Walter AO, Owido SO, Mahagayu CM. Fifty microliters of each extract (50mg/mL) was aseptically introduced into a respective agar well. Active agents and mechanisms of turbid water using Moringa oleifera. The MPN tests were carried out using M. oleifera seed powder, and it was observed that both untreated water samples contained greater than 2400 coliforms/100mL.

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