role of tourism in sustainable development

The link was not copied. They propose niche marketing for alternative forms of tourism that focus on quality upgrading rather than merely increasing the quantity of visitors via the established mass-tourism infrastructure (Conway & Timms, 2010). environmental benefits are secondary to poor peoples benefits (p. 153). The small scale of CBT operations and low capacity to accommodate visitors was seen as a limitation of the model. Direct water consumption in tourism is estimated to be approximately 350 liters (L) per guest night for accommodation; when indirect water use from food, energy, and transport are considered, total water use in tourism is estimated to be approximately 6,575 L per guest night, or 27,800 L per person per trip (Gssling & Peeters, 2015). Studies of the social impacts of tourism have documented experiences of discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, race, sex, and national identity. Tourism development is cyclical and subject to short-term cycles and overconsumption of resources. The history of ecotourism is closely connected with the emergence of sustainable development, as it was born out of a concern for the conservation of biodiversity. The social impacts of tourism have been widely studied, with an emphasis on residents perceptions in the host community (Sharpley, 2014). For decades, tourism has been promoted as a low-impact, non-extractive option for economic development, particularly for developing countries (Gssling, 2000). Much of the early research on sustainable tourism focused on defining the concept, which has been the subject of vigorous debate (Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Hunter, 1995; Inskeep, 1991; Liu, 2003; Sharpley, 2000). Like most other economic sectors, tourism is vulnerable to the impacts of earthquakes, particularly in areas where tourism infrastructure may not be resilient to such shocks. This is due, in part, to the contested nature of sustainable development itself. As such, the role of tourism in sustainable development is highly questionable. One megajoule (MJ) is equal to 1 million (106) joules, or approximately the kinetic energy of a 1-megagram (tonne) vehicle moving at 161 km/h. Future research on the vulnerability of tourist destinations to oil spills should also incorporate freshwater environments, such as lakes, rivers, and streams, where the rupture of oil pipelines is more frequent. Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Environmental Science. Given that tourism is dependent on energy, the movement of people, and the consumption of resources, virtually all tourism activities have significant economic, environmental, and sustainable impacts. The global travel and tourism sector supports approximately 330 million jobs, or 1 in 10 jobs around the world. The concept of sustainable development is often associated with the publication of Our Common Future (World Commission on Environment and Development [WCED], 1987, p. 29), which defined it as paths of human progress that meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Concerns about the environmental implications of economic development in lower income countries had been central to debates about development studies since the 1970s (Adams, 2009). The research has generally concluded that tourism development has contributed to sustainable development in some cases where it is demonstrated to have provided support for biodiversity conservation initiatives and livelihood development strategies. Nevertheless, the subject of sustainable tourism has been given considerable attention and has been the focus of numerous academic compilations and textbooks (Coccossis & Nijkamp, 1995; Hall & Lew, 1998; Stabler, 1997; Swarbrooke, 1999), and it calls for new approaches to sustainable tourism development (Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Hunter, 1995; Sharpley, 2000). Many such studies contrast types of alternative tourism with those of mass tourism, which has received sustained criticism for decades and is widely considered to be unsustainable (Cater, 1993; Conway & Timms, 2010; Fennell, 2020; Gursoy et al., 2010; Liu, 2003; Peeters, 2012; Zapata et al., 2011). The mixed nature of these results suggest that the relationship between tourism and economic growth depends largely on the social and economic context as well as the role of tourism in the economy. Such a paradigm would reconsider the scope, scale, and sectoral context of tourism-related resource utilization issues. Tourism is the only export sector where the consumer travels to the exporting country, which provides opportunities for lower-income households to become exporters through the sale of goods and services to foreign tourists. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and within high-income countries. . Many social impacts of tourism can be linked to the overuse of the resource base, increases in traffic congestion, rising land prices, urban sprawl, and changes in the social structure of host communities. The authors use a panel error correction model to reveal bidirectional causality between tourism and economic growth in both the short run and the long run. Numerous studies have examined the impact of tourism expenditure on GDP, income, employment, and public sector revenue. Some literature has acknowledged a vagueness of the concept of sustainable tourism, which has been used to advocate for fundamentally different strategies for tourism development that may exacerbate existing conflicts between conservation and development paradigms. Although tourism has been promoted as a low-impact, non-extractive option for economic development, (Gssling, 2000), assessments reveal that such pursuits have a significant carbon footprint, as tourism is significantly more carbon intensive than other potential areas of economic development (Lenzen et al., 2018). Mass tourism has been associated with numerous negative environmental impacts and social impacts (Cater, 1993; Conway & Timms, 2010; Fennell, 2020; Ghimire, 2013; Gursoy et al., 2010; Liu, 2003; Peeters, 2012; Wheeller, 2007). Assessments of the sustainability of tourism have highlighted several themes, including (a) parks, biodiversity, and conservation; (b) pollution and climate change; (c) prosperity, economic growth, and poverty alleviation; d) peace, security, and safety; and (e) population stabilization and reduction (Buckley, 2012). Critics of the model have argued that pro-poor tourism is based on an acceptance of the status quo of existing capitalism, that it is morally indiscriminate and theoretically imprecise, and that its practitioners are academically and commercially marginal (Harrison, 2008). Building on these ideas, Daly (1990) offered two operational principles of sustainable development. Hunter argued that over the short and long terms, sustainable tourism development should. Global tourism has also been shown to be vulnerable to economic crises, oil price shocks, and global outbreaks of infectious diseases. Tourism development is increasingly viewed as an important tool in increasing economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving food security. assessing environmental, social, and economic impacts as a prerequisite to tourism development (Spenceley, 2012). One gigatonne (Gt) is equal to 1 billion (109) metric tons. Regional economic strength has been found to be associated with lower vulnerability to natural disasters. Numerous case studies have demonstrated the potential for ecotourism to contribute to sustainable development by providing support for biodiversity conservation, local livelihoods, and regional development. Sustainable tourism is dependent on critical long-term considerations of the impacts; notions of equity; an appreciation of the importance of linkages (i.e., economic, social, and environmental); and the facilitation of cooperation and collaboration between different stakeholders (Elliott & Neirotti, 2008). Two hypotheses have emerged regarding the role of tourism in the economic growth process (Apergis & Payne, 2012). Studies of the vulnerability of tourism to localized shocks include disaster vulnerability in coastal Thailand (Calgaro & Lloyd, 2008), bushfires in northeast Victoria in Australia (Cioccio & Michael, 2007), forest fires in British Columbia, Canada (Hystad & Keller, 2008); and outbreak of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom (Miller & Ritchie, 2003). However, residents who recognize negative impacts may not necessarily oppose tourism development (King et al., 1993). Thus, policy makers should be cognizant of the interdependent relationship between tourism and economic growth in the design and implementation of economic policy. This dependence itself is not sustainable (Wheeller, 2007), and thus the sustainability of tourism is questionable. Tourism is vulnerable to economic crisis, both local economic shocks (Okumus & Karamustafa, 2005; Stylidis & Terzidou, 2014) and global economic crisis (Papatheodorou et al., 2010; Smeral, 2010). The authors estimated elasticities associated with the own-price, cross-price, and income variables, and found that the elasticities of demand were significantly different between three different national park sites. The ecotourism movement gained momentum in the 1990s, primarily in developing countries in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, and nearly all countries are now engaged in some form of ecotourism. Tourism is also vulnerable to both localized and global shocks. It is clear that tourism has contributed significantly to economic development globally, but its role in sustainable development is uncertain, debatable, and potentially contradictory. Hunter (1995, p. 156) proposes an alternative, extra-parochial paradigm where sustainable tourism development is reconceptualized in terms of its contribution to overall sustainable development. The sustainability of tourism as an economic sector has been examined in terms of its vulnerability to civil conflict, economic shocks, natural disasters, and public health pandemics. Given the global significance of the tourism sector and its environmental impacts, the role of tourism in sustainable development is an important topic of research in environmental science generally and in environmental economics and management specifically. The presence of bidirectional causality reiterates the importance of the tourism sector in the generation of foreign exchange income and in financing the production of goods and services within these countries. A wide body of published research is related to the role of tourism in sustainable development, and much of the literature involves case studies of particular types of tourism. More importantly, tourism offers an alternative to large-scale development projects such as construction of dams, and to extractive industries such as mining and forestry, all of which contribute to emissions of pollutants and threaten biodiversity and the cultural values of indigenous peoples. The authors draw on cases from Barbados, the Grenadines, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago to characterize models of slow tourism development in remote fishing villages and communities near nature preserves and sea turtle nesting sites. As a result, many commonplace tourist activities such as sightseeing may be perceived as invasive by members of the host community. Cater (1993) identified three key criteria for sustainable tourism: (a) meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved living standards both in the short and long terms; (b) satisfying the demands of a growing number of tourists; and (c) safeguarding the natural environment in order to achieve both of the preceding aims. Pro-poor tourism is a model of tourism development that brings net benefits to people living in poverty (Ashley et al., 2001; Harrison, 2008). Tourism has been associated with the principles of sustainable development because of its potential to support environmental protection and livelihoods. A more complete analysis of the emissions from energy consumption necessary to sustain the tourism sector would include food and beverages, infrastructure construction and maintenance, retail, and financial services. The panel of Caribbean countries includes: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. Community-based tourism (CBT) is a model of tourism development that emphasizes the development of local communities and allows for local residents to have substantial control over its development and management, and a major proportion of the benefits remain within the community. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Qiu et al. As an economic sector, tourism is considered to be labor intensive, providing opportunities for poor households to enhance their livelihood through the sale of goods and services to foreign tourists. However, the relationship between tourism and the environment is complex, as some forms of tourism have been associated with negative environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater use, land use, and food consumption (Butler, 1991; Gssling & Peeters, 2015; Hunter & Green, 1995; Vitousek et al., 1997). In some communities, ecotourism is the primary economic activity and source of income and economic development. Kim and Marcoullier (2015) examined the vulnerability and resilience of 10 tourism-based regional economies that included U.S. national parks or protected seashores situated on the Gulf of Mexico or Atlantic Ocean coastline that were affected by several hurricanes over a 26-year period. Ecotourism in Costa Rica has been seen as having supported the economic development of the country while promoting biodiversity conservation in its extensive network of protected areas. However, global evidence from research on the economic impacts of tourism has shown that this potential has rarely been realized (Liu, 2003). Tourism is dependent on energy, and virtually all energy use in the tourism sector is derived from fossil fuels, which contribute to global greenhouse emissions that are associated with global climate change. Further, he argues that it has no distinctive method and is not only about people living in poverty. Caffyn (2012, p. 80) suggests that slow tourism could offer a winwin, which she describes as a more sustainable form of tourism; keeping more of the economic benefits within the local community and destination; and delivering a more meaningful and satisfying experience. Research on slow tourism is nascent, and thus the contribution of slow tourism to sustainable development is not well understood. Tourists consume water for drinking, when showering and using the toilet, when participating in activities such as winter ski tourism (i.e., snowmaking), and when using swimming pools and spas. Research on tourism and the environment spans a wide range of social and natural science disciplines, and key contributions have been disseminated across many interdisciplinary fields, including biodiversity conservation, climate science, economics, and environmental science, among others (Buckley, 2011; Butler, 1991; Gssling, 2002; Lenzen et al., 2018).

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